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TIME: Almanac 1995
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TIME Almanac 1995.iso
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1994-03-25
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<text id=90TT2662>
<title>
Oct. 08, 1990: Wake Up, East And Midwest
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
Oct. 08, 1990 Do We Care About Our Kids?
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
SCIENCE, Page 79
Wake Up, East And Midwest
</hdr>
<body>
<p>The next Big One may not hit California after all
</p>
<p> The sleepy cotton fields around New Madrid, Mo. (pop.
3,400), convey no sense of seismic menace. Yet scientists say
the area is potentially one of the most dangerous earthquake
zones in the world. Early in the past century an unseen fault,
obscured by tons of sediment, unleashed a fearsome trio of
tremors--each as powerful, some say, as the earthquake that
virtually destroyed San Francisco in 1906. The eyewitness
accounts read like the tall tales of Baron Munchhausen. The
ground rippled with waves as though it were an ocean. The
Mississippi River raged with waterfalls and rapids. Fountains
of sand erupted in gritty geysers. Shock waves, pulsing outward
for hundreds of miles, wrecked boats in the Charleston, S.C.,
harbor, cracked masonry in Cincinnati, and caused church bells
to peal and buildings to shake as far away as New York City and
Boston.
</p>
<p> Today the fault at New Madrid remains active, regularly
generating small, unnoticeable earthquakes and, from time to
time, palpable jolts. Such quakes usually do not stir more than
passing interest. But last week residents of southeastern
Missouri snapped to attention when a moderate earthquake, rated
4.6 on the Richter scale, rattled windows, spilled coffee and
broke ceramic figurines. Reason: the earthquake followed a much
publicized prediction that the fault is likely to produce a
major shock come Dec. 3, and many people feared last week's
tremor could be a precursor. The prediction, which has made its
way into several newspapers, was the work of Iben Browning, a
New Mexico climate consultant, who based his forecast on an
analysis of the gravitational pull of the sun and moon. Many
seismologists, worried that public concern could degenerate into
panic, have denounced it as unscientific hocus-pocus. At the
same time, they agree that the New Madrid fault, which stretches
over 225 km (140 miles), poses serious long-term risks,
especially to the nearby cities of Memphis and St. Louis.
</p>
<p> California has adopted strict building codes to limit
earthquake damage, but no other area is so well prepared. If hit
by large shocks, the unreinforced highways and bridges of the
Midwest and East could collapse. Solid houses of brick and stone
might as well be made of playing cards. "The infrastructure in
this part of the country has never been tested by a major
quake," says Arch Johnston of the Center for Earthquake Research
and Information at Memphis State University. Fortunately, when
the earthquakes of 1811 and 1812 occurred, the New Madrid region
was too sparsely populated to suffer significant damage or
injuries. A modern-day replay, however, would make the quake
that shook San Francisco last year seem tame. That tremor
measured 7.1 on the Richter scale. In contrast, the big quakes
that rumbled forth from New Madrid may have exceeded 8.0, or
about 10 times that strong.
</p>
<p> Earthquakes frequently occur along the boundaries of
continental plates, huge sections of the earth's crust that
"float" on a mass of superheated rock. California's San Andreas
Fault, for instance, marks the dividing line between the North
American and Pacific plates, which are slowly slipping past each
other. But the New Madrid fault lies in the middle of the North
American plate, seemingly far from harm's way. Why do
earthquakes occur in such an out-of-the-way spot? By analyzing
seismic data, scientists have concluded that the New Madrid
fault is a failed rift, or break, in the North American plate.
Had it progressed further, the embryonic gap might have created
a body of water like the Red Sea, which is slowly widening into
an ocean. But hundreds of millions of years ago, the Midwestern
rift stopped growing. The New Madrid fault today simply marks
a weak spot in the thick midcontinental crust, which
periodically ruptures under the pressure exerted by the
migrating North American plate. It could take 500 to 1,000 years
for enough force to accumulate to trigger a really big quake.
</p>
<p> The area around the New Madrid fault is one of several known
earthquake zones east of the Rockies. In 1755 Boston experienced
a severe jolt, as did Charleston in 1886. Sooner or later a
major quake is going to hit these areas again. And unlike the
Western U.S., where hot rock close to the surface provides a
squishy, shock-absorbing cushion, the middle of the continental
plate is cold, hard and thick. Like their precursors in the past
century, the next large quakes to strike in the Midwest or East
are likely to resonate far and wide, like giant hammers hitting
a huge block of steel.
</p>
<p>By J. Madeleine Nash/Chicago.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>